This World Bank report ‘The Cost of Inaction: Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries’ presents new analysis of climate change impacts on health systems and outcomes in the regions that are bearing the brunt of these impacts.
Key analytical insights to quantify climate change impacts on health
The report makes three contributions to our understanding of climate-health interactions:
First, it quantifies the massive scale of climate change impacts on health, projecting 4.1-5.2 billion climate-related disease cases and 14.5-15.6 million deaths in LMICs by 2050. This represents a significant advancement over previous estimates, which the report demonstrates were substantial underestimates.
Second, it illuminates the profound economic consequences, calculating costs of $8.6-20.8 trillion by 2050 (0.7-1.3% of LMIC GDP). The report employs both Value of Statistical Life and Years of Life Lost approaches to provide a range of economic impact estimates.
Third, it reveals stark geographic inequities in impact distribution, with Sub-Saharan Africa bearing approximately 71% of cases and nearly half of deaths, while South Asia faces about 18% of cases and a quarter of deaths. This spatial analysis helps identify where interventions are most urgently needed.
Policy implications and systemic perspectives
The report’s findings point to several critical policy directions:
- The need for systemic rather than disease-specific interventions emerges as a central theme. The authors explicitly advocate for strengthening entire health systems rather than pursuing vertical disease programs.
- The economic analysis makes a compelling case for immediate action, demonstrating that the costs of inaction far exceed potential investment requirements for climate-resilient health systems.
- The geographic distribution of impacts highlights the need for globally coordinated responses while prioritizing support for the most vulnerable regions.
The findings suggest that transforming systems to address climate change impacts on health requires not just technical solutions but fundamental rethinking of how health systems are organized and financed in vulnerable regions.
This aligns with recent scholarship on complex adaptive systems and organizational transformation in global health.
The report’s emphasis on systemic approaches represents a significant shift in thinking about climate-health interventions. This merits unpacking on several levels:
- Inadequacy of vertical disease silos: The report challenges the traditional vertical disease management paradigm that has dominated global health programming for decades. While vertical programs have achieved notable successes in areas like HIV/AIDS or malaria control, the report argues that climate change’s multifaceted health impacts require a fundamentally different approach.
- Need for systemic intervention: Climate change simultaneously affects multiple disease pathways, nutrition status, and health infrastructure. These interactions cannot be effectively addressed through isolated disease-specific programs. Building core health system capabilities (surveillance, emergency response, primary care) creates multiplicative benefits across various climate-related health challenges. Strong health systems can better identify and respond to emerging threats, whereas vertical programs often lack this flexibility.
- Implementation implications: The report suggests this systemic approach requires: integrated planning across health system components, flexible funding mechanisms that support system-wide capabilities, enhanced coordination between different health programmes and investment in cross-cutting infrastructure and capabilities.
What about the health workforce facing impacts of climate change on health?
Between this clear-eyed assessment and effective action lies a critical implementation gap.
Interestingly, the report gives limited explicit attention to the health workforce dimension of climate-health challenges. Yet that is precisely where we need to focus attention, given that:
- Health workers based in communities are first responders to climate-related health emergencies
- Workforce capacity significantly determines a health system’s adaptive capabilities
- Climate change itself affects health worker distribution and effectiveness
Given the report’s emphasis on systemic approaches, the lack of detailed discussion about human resources for health represents a missed opportunity to explore what effective action might look like.
The Geneva Learning Foundation’s network, developed through nearly a decade of research and practice, has led us to identify a path for supporting the health workforce to strengthen preparedness and response in response to climate change impacts on health.
The network already connects over 60,000 health workers. They represent all job roles, rank, and levels of the health system.
One distinguishing feature of this network is its deep integration with existing government health systems. Over half of network participants are government employees, from community health workers to district officers to national planners.
62% of participants work in remote rural areas, 47% serve urban poor populations, and 21% operate in conflict zones.
These are not just statistics: they represent an unprecedented capability to mobilize knowledge and action where it’s most needed.
Since 2023, network participants have been sharing observations, experiences, and insights of climate change impacts on health.
The model connects different levels of health systems:
- Community-based health workers share ground-level observations
- District managers identify emerging patterns
- National planners gauge system-wide implications
- Global partners access real-time insights
When a malaria control officer in Kenya observes changing disease patterns due to altered rainfall, the network enables rapid sharing of this insight with colleagues working on water safety, nutrition, and primary care. These cross-domain connections do not need to be left to chance – they can be enabled through structured peer learning processes that transcend traditional programme, geographic, and hierarchical boundaries
This creates what organizational theorists call “embedded transformation” – where system change emerges through existing structures rather than requiring new ones.
Rather than creating new coordination mechanisms, the network enables:
- Health workers to learn directly from peers in other programs
- Rapid identification of cross-cutting challenges
- Spontaneous formation of problem-solving groups
- Systematic sharing of effective practices
Rather than replacing existing structures, TGLF’s model demonstrates how digital networks can enable health systems to:
- Maintain necessary specialization while fostering crucial connections
- Enable rapid learning and adaptation across programs
- Optimize resource use through enhanced coordination
- Build system-wide resilience through structured peer learning
Such a network enables what complexity theorists call “distributed sensing” that can provide:
- Early warning of emerging threats
- Rapid sharing of local solutions
- System-wide learning from local innovations
- Continuous adaptation to changing conditions
This has led us to posit that investment in such emergent digital networks could enable health systems to maintain necessary specialization while fostering crucial connections across domains.
This is obviously critical to respond to the systems-level complexity of climate change impacts on health.
| World Bank finding | TGLF model strategic fit |
| Scale of impact (4.1-5.2B cases, 14.5-15.6M deaths by 2050) | TGLF’s digital network model demonstrates scalability, already connecting over 60,000 health practitioners across 137 countries. More significantly, the model’s effectiveness increases with scale – as more practitioners join, the network’s ability to identify emerging threats and disseminate effective responses improves. Network analysis shows that larger scale enables more diverse inputs and faster adaptation, suggesting this approach could help health systems respond to the massive scale of projected impacts. |
| Economic consequences ($8.6-20.8T by 2050) | TGLF’s model offers remarkable cost-effectiveness through its networked learning structure. Rather than requiring massive new investments in parallel systems, it leverages existing health system resources while enabling and accelerating both learning and action. The model demonstrates how digital infrastructure can maximize return on investment – practitioners implement solutions using existing resources, with 82% reporting ability to continue without external support. This suggests potential for significant cost savings while building system resilience. |
| Geographic inequities (71% SSA, 18% SA) | TGLF’s network already demonstrates strongest presence precisely where the World Bank identifies greatest need – 70% of participants work in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This concentration is not coincidental; the model’s digital infrastructure and peer learning approach prove particularly effective in resource-constrained settings. The network enables rapid sharing of context-appropriate solutions between regions facing similar challenges, while maintaining sensitivity to local conditions. |
| Need for systemic intervention | The network transcends traditional program boundaries through what organizational theorists call “structured emergence” – practitioners naturally form cross-program connections based on shared challenges. When a malaria control officer observes changing disease patterns due to climate shifts, the network enables rapid sharing with colleagues in water safety, nutrition, and primary care. This organic integration emerges through peer learning rather than requiring new coordination mechanisms. |
| Urgency of investment | TGLF’s model offers an immediately scalable approach that builds on existing health system capabilities. Rather than waiting years to develop new infrastructure, the network can rapidly expand to connect more practitioners and regions. Evidence shows 7x acceleration in implementation of new approaches compared to conventional means of technical assistance, suggesting potential for rapid, sustainable strengthening of health system resilience. |
| Global coordination need | While enabling global connection, the network maintains strong local grounding through its emphasis on locally-led action and contextual adaptation. Government health workers comprise over 50% of participants, creating what scholars term “embedded transformation” – change emerging through existing structures rather than imposed from outside. This enables coordinated response while respecting local health system authority. |
| System transformation | The model demonstrates how digital networks can fundamentally transform how health systems operate without requiring complete restructuring. By enabling rapid knowledge flow across traditional boundaries, supporting emergence of new coordination patterns, and fostering system-wide learning, it shows how transformation can emerge through enhanced connection rather than structural overhaul. Analysis reveals development of new capabilities in surveillance, response, and adaptation through networked learning. |
Reference
Uribe, J.P., Rabie, T., 2024. The Cost of Inaction: Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.1596/42419
Image: The Geneva Learning Foundation Collection © 2024